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Answer:
1: Galileo and Newton had focused on investigating the world. Other thinkers began to suggest that there also may be laws or principles that apply to the social world. What did they mean by social world?
Answer: By social world they meant physical world.
2: According to John Locke and other thinkers, laws or principles of the social world could be understood by applying the power of human nature.
3: The period from the 1600s to the late 1700s became known as the Enlightenment. It has also been called the Age of Reason, because so many thinkers believed that reason could illuminate truth.
4: Describe John Locke’s early life.
John Locke was born in 1632 in Wrighton, Somerset. His father was a lawyer and a small landowner. Using his wartime connections, he placed his son in the elite Westminsters school.
5: Why did John Locke flee England and go to the Netherlands?
He fled to Netherlands because of a nasty plot to assassinate him and his brother.
6: John Locke believed there are moral laws at work in the universe. He called this moral order Natural Rights. Give one example that Locke used to explain how reason can be used to discover these moral laws.
Morality is universal and it is something that can be understood clearly and unequivocally by human reason. When Locke imagines us rationally-discovering natural law, he envisions us applying a rigorous set of logical principles to a set of clear and well.
7: What did Locke describe as “natural rights”? According to Locke, what was the job of governments?
Locke described natural rights as: life, liberty, and property. Locke believed that the purpose of government was to secure and protect the God-given natural rights of the people.
8: Why didn’t the Protestant leaders want King James II to rule England? Who did they want in his place?
King James II was Catholic and began to put Catholics in hight position in the army government, and universal. Like Charles, he relied on royal power and ruled without Parliament. The people wanted his Protestant daughter, Mary and her husband, William of Orange, who ruled the Netherlands to take over the throne. The English people called the overthrow of King James The Glorious Revolution.
9: As king and queen of England, William and Mary had to accept the Bill of Rights, which restricted the powers of the King and formally increased the power of Parliament.k.
10: Summarize the Bill of Rights.
The Bill of Rights said the a king need permission from Parliament to do several things. It also settles a recurring quell by banning Roman Catholics from Englands throne.
11: What was the name of the essays that John Locke published in 1690? What were they about?
In 1690 John Locke published his essays called Two Treaties of Government. In this essays he explained his ideas about the relationship between the people and their government.
12: King Louis XIV of France called himself the Sun King because he considered himself as important as the sun.
13: Describe the reign of King Louis XIV.
Louis XIV’s reign lasted for 72 years, longer than any other European sovereign. At Versailles, Louis and his courtiers lived lives of splendor and excess. Noble lord and ladies tried to outdo each other in the fashions. Their world was far removed from the very struggles of working people or the suffering of the poor.
14: What are philosophers?
The keenest thinkers of eighteenth century France were known as philosophers.
15: What is Deism?
Belief in the existence of a supreme being.
16: Identify the following people and their accomplishments:
Voltaire
Answer: One of the best philosopher was Voltaire. His writings often got him in trouble with the law, but Voltaire continued to write against the injustices he was around him.
Montesquieu
Montesquieu was a Frenchman who lived in English. He admired the work of Locke, praised the English liberties, and mocked the French course and Parisian social life. He wrote a book called The Spirit of Laws, he described the three kinds of government. Montesquieu’s writings, published in 1748, influence the creation of several constitution in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the constitution of the United States.
Diderot
In the mid 18th century, one of the philosophers, the French writer Denis Diderot, embarked on a monumental task. He decided to publish a massive collection of organize all knowledge. He called this work the Encyclopedia. In 1751, died right published his first volume. He published 27 more volumes over the next 20 years.
17: Many European Enlightened thinkers admired Benjamin Franklin’s confidence in the human ability to understand the physical and social world. List a few examples from the reading that show that Franklin used reason to understand the physical and social world.
It shows that Franklin valued reason and intellectual accomplishment,
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