Answer:
1. Why do you think that organisms on the surface of the earth are not aware of the pressure?
The atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by a planet’s atmosphere on the surface at any given point. We do not feel this immense pressure (14.7 pounds per square inch or 1.033511 kgf/cm²) because our body contains air itself in areas such as the ears, nose, lungs, stomach etc. This air inside our body is at an equal pressure to that of the atmosphere and thus they cancel each other out.
2. What challenges do you think hydrostatic pressure creates for marine scientists?
As water is denser than air, the pressure it exerts is higher. Thus, for every 10 meters traveled deeper into the ocean, the water pressure increases with an additional 6.47kg (14.27lbs) per square inch. At only 30 feet (9 meter) our lungs begin to collapse and out middle ear will be damaged. At 2000 meters, the pressure is over 1,270kg (2,800lbs) of force exerted on each square. At these depths, our body will easily be crushed. Thus, special suits need be used and for very deep areas, special submersibles are necessary. Unmanned remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are also used.
3. Why does the law of conservation of energy only apply to closed systems?
The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy doesn’t change. Instead, it turns from one kind into another. Thus, in order for this to be possible, a system needs to be closed so that no additional energy can enter or any existing energy can escape to.
4. If destructive interference occurs between a wave with a six-foot trough and a three-foot crest, what factors will determine the height of the resulting wave?
Destructive interference occurs when the two meeting waves are out of phase and in some cases, the maxima of the two wavers are 180 degrees out of phase. During this case, the amplitude of one wave will subtract from the other. The two important factors that will determine the height of the resulting wave are the amplitude and wavelength.
5. What factors do you think might make it possible for a rogue wave to be more than twice the height of the two colliding waves?
Two colliding waves may either reinforce each other to create a larger wave through constructive interference or create a lower amplitude wave through destructive interference. In rare cases constructive interference may create such a scenario. However, generally, rogue waves are caused by factors that have a higher energy than that of two “normal” waves. One example of such an event is an underwater earthquake which gives rise to tsunami waves.
Another example are underwater currents that run counter to the primary direction of the waves, which will give rise to rogue waves. This effect is further enhanced by storms whose winds blow in opposition to the water current. Opposing currents will also have a similar effect. The seabed may also direct small waves to meat in phase and thus create a huge wave from their combined crest heights. Lastly, such a wave may also arise through natural, nonlinear processes from the random background of smaller waves. However, it is unstable and will collapse shortly after it arises.
Organisms on the surface of the earth are not aware of the pressure because there are less amount of heavy gases in the atmosphere as compared to marine ecosystem.
The law of conservation of energy says that energy can turn from one type into another but the total amount of energy doesn't change. This law applies only to closed systems, meaning those systems that can't exchange energy i.e. absorb or emit energy with their environment
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