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International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
COPYRIGHT 2008 Thomson Gale Geography
COPYRIGHT 2008 Thomson Gale Geography
I. The FieldRichard Hartshorne
BIBLIOGRAPHY
II. Political GeographyHarold H. Sprout
BIBLIOGRAPHY
III. Economic GeographyRichard S. Thoman
BIBLIOGRAPHY
IV. Cultural GeographyEdward T. Price
BIBLIOGRAPHY
V. Social GeographyAnne Buttimer
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VI. Statistical GeographyBrian J. L. Berry
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The articles under this heading describe the main fields of contemporary geography and the field of statistical geography, which is an approach to geography rather than a discrete field. Other material of direct or related interest to geography may be found under Area; Cartography; Central place; City; Conservation; Culture area; Diffusion, article onthe diffusion of innovations; Ecology; Enclaves and exclaves; Environment; Environmentalism; Industrial concentration; Land; Landscape; Location theory; Planning, social; Population; Rank-size relations; Region; Regional science; Water resources. Biographical articles of relevance to geography include Bowman; Brown; Fleure; Hettner; Humboldt; Huntington; KjellÉn; Mackinder; Marsh; Ratzel; Rltter; Sauer; Teleki; Vldal de la Blache.
I THE FIELDGeography is neither a purely natural nor a purely social science. From its early development as an organized field of knowledge in classical Greece, geography has included animate as well as inanimate things, man and his works as well as nature. This was of little concern as long as man was regarded as an integral part of nature. But geography, although a very old subject, did not become established as a university discipline with an organized academic profession until after the natural and social sciences had become divided into separate faculties. Regular university departments of geography were first established in German-speaking countries in the 1870s and 1880s; in France a little later; and in Great Britain and the United States generally in the present century. In each country the first generation of professors of geography had been trained in other fields, in most cases the natural sciences. Self-taught in geography, few of them outside Germany were fa miliar with its past development.