Mary agrees with this logic: if all violins are musical instruments, and if all musical instruments make noise, then all violins must make noise. however, we then present this situation: if all cheetos are rutabagas, and if all rutabagas are oysters on the half shell, then all cheetos are oysters on the half shell. mary vehemently denies that cheetos can possibly be oysters. based on this information, we would conclude that mary is in the __________ stage of development.