Which statement below is true about bilingual education in the first two decades of the 20th century?

a) Increased immigrants and a call for integration, harmonization, and assimilation
b) Lack of English proficiency was a source of social, political, and economic concern.
c) Bilingual education was permitted and immigrants (e.g. Italian, Jewish) were mostly placed in English-medium schools with a small amount of teaching in mother tongues.
d) In 1923, 34 states had decreed that English must be the sole language of instruction in private and public elementary schools.