The nurse is supervising a new graduate placing an intravenous catheter. Select all the nursing interventions that have been proven effective in terms of beginning and maintaining intravenous access.

a) Selecting a vein that is visible and easily accessible
b) Using a tourniquet to help visualize the vein
c) Applying gentle pressure distally to the site to engorge the vein
d) Cleaning the site with an alcohol swab using a circular motion from the center outward
e) Inserting the catheter at a 45-degree angle to the skin
f) Securing the catheter with transparent dressing after insertion