The patient has a low-grade carcinoma on the left lateral aspect of the prostate gland and has been on "watchful waiting" status for 5 years. Six months ago, his last prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 5 ng/mL. Which manifestations indicate prostate cancer may be extending and require a change in the plan of care (select all that apply)?
a) Hematuria
b) Bone pain
c) Increased urinary frequency
d) Elevated PSA levels