A 31-year-old female assault victim is brought to the emergency room after tracking down passersby for help. She appears rightly traumatized from the incident. Which of the following pharmacotherapy options has been theorized as a potential pre-emptive treatment to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

a) Lorazepam
b) Propranolol
c) Amitriptyline
d) Olanzapine