Here you are invited to explore hybrid orbitals in more quantitative detail. Mathematical functions are said to be orthogonal if the integral of their product is zero, (a Show that the orbitals ha = 5 +x+Py+ P, and 12 =s - Px-+ P, are orthogonal. Each atomic orbital individually normalized to 1. Also, note that: (1) 5 and p orbitals are orthogonal and, (p orbitals with perpendicular orientations are orthogonal. (b) Show that the sp2 hybrid orbital (s + 21'2p|3112 is normalized to 1 if the s and orbitals are each normalized to 1.