McBain Truck Company had an established rule that its truck drivers were not allowed to carry passengers in the trucks. Further, this rule was included in the contract between the union and the company. Balsom, a driver for McBain, invited a friend to ride in his truck on a day’s delivery trip. As a result of Balsom’s carelessness during the trip, the truck was involved in a collision and his friend was seriously injured.

a. Is the employer responsible to third parties for injuries caused by an employee in the normal performance of employment?

b. Would Balsom be held responsible for the injuries?

c. Is an employer liable to third parties for all actions of an employee?