Our cells have a signaling pathway that begins with an insulin receptor that results in a cellular response to regulate blood glucose levels. Type one diabetes is caused by destruction of beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin. Which of the following best explains how insulin injections affect signal transduction in an individual type 1 diabetes?
a) they allow alternate signaling transduction pathways to control glucose levels
b) they open channels to allow signaling molecules to enter pancreatic cells
c) they provide a signaling molecule to begin the signal transduction pathway
d) they serve as second messengers to regulate glucose uptake by cells