the owner of a three-span continuous bridge (chopra, example 1.3) has decided to rehabilitate and strengthen all columns in bent 1 due to signs of severe concrete deterioration and additional recent concerns about vehicular impact. the decision is made to remove the deteriorated concrete cover and replace it with new concrete. in the process, the bent column radii are increased by 15% from their original size to meet current impact concerns. calculate the new total effective stiffness of the bridge in the longitudinal direction and compare it to the original stiffness as a % increase. you may assume the concrete is uncracked and hence gross section properties can be used